| Khariboli | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| خھڑی بولی | ||||||
| Pronunciation | kʰəɽiː boːliː | |||||
| Spoken in | India | |||||
| Region | Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh | |||||
| Native speakers | 240 million (1991–1997) | |||||
| Language family | ||||||
| Writing system | Devanagari script | |||||
| Language codes | ||||||
| ISO 639-3 | either: hin – Hindi urd – Urdu |
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| Linguasphere | 59-AAF-qd | |||||
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Khariboli (Urdu: خھڑی بولی, Devanagari: खड़ी बोली khaṛī bolī; lit. 'standing dialect'), also Khari Boli, Khadiboli, Khadi Boli or simply Khari, is a Western Hindi dialect spoken mainly in the rural surroundings of Delhi, the northern areas of Western Uttar Pradesh and the southern areas of Uttarakhand in India.[1][2] Khariboli is widely accepted to be the main dialectical precursor of the Hindi-Urdu prestige dialect, of which Standard Hindi and Urdu are official standard registers and literary styles. Standard Hindi and Urdu are the principal official languages of India and Pakistan respectively.[1][3]
Khariboli is believed to have initially developed contemporaneously with the neighboring Awadhi and Braj dialects in the 900-1200 CE period. Khari contains some features, such as gemination, which give it a distinctive sound and differentiates it from standard Hindi-Urdu, Braj and Awadhi.[4] In academic literature, the term Kauravi (कौरवी) is sometimes applied to the specific Khari dialect spoken in the western parts of the Khari-speaking zone. Although Khariboli and Standard Hindi-Urdu differ dialectically, Standard Hindi-Urdu is sometimes also referred to as Khariboli and regarded as the literary form of that dialect.[5]
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Khariboli is spoken in the rural surroundings of Delhi and northwestern Uttar Pradesh, as well as in some neighboring areas of Haryana and Uttarakhand.[2] The geography of this part of North India is traditionally described doabs.
In Uttar Pradesh, the following districts of the Yamuna-Ganges doab are Khari-speaking:
In Uttarakhand, the following districts of the Yamuna-Ganges doab are partially Khari-speaking:
In the trans-Ganges area, it is spoken in the following districts of Rohilkhand region in Uttar Pradesh:
In Haryana, the following district is partially Khari-speaking:
Khari's consonant gemination, vowel length, limited loss of aspiration and differing verb-forms mark it as distinct from Modern Standard Hindi-Urdu.[4] There are also some vocabulary differences with the prestige Hindi-Urdu dialect.
| Khari | Modern Standard Hindi-Urdu (MS-HU) | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Jutta urli taraf dhar diye. | Joota iss taraf rakh dijiye. | English: 'Please put the shoe on this side'; gemination of 't' in 'jutta'; Use of 'urli' in common with Haryanvi - the word is absent from MS-HU |
| Yo deekh na ria. | Yeh dikh nahin raha. | English: 'This is not visible'; Vowel lengthening; Variant word-forms |
| Main na detta. | Main nahin doonga. | English: 'I won't give it'; Varying verb-form; 'deta' exists in MS-HU but is semantically incorrect (due to tense) to use here; Also, gemination from the 'deta' form in MS-HU |
| Chiryon ku diqq mati karey. | Chiryon ko pareshaan mat kar. | English: 'Don't bother the birds'; Usage of Khari-specific abbreviation 'diqq', which is a shortening of 'diqqat'; Both MS-HU and Khari are using Persian-derived terms, but different ones; Khari-usage of 'mati' - a variant form of 'mat' which is the MS-HU norm |
| Kitaab chhaen me dhar dijiyo, asmaan se mi girey hai. | Kitaab chhaon mein rakh dena, aasmaan se baarish gir rahi hai. | English: 'Put the book in the shade, rain is falling from the sky.'; Preferential usage of 'dhar' over 'rakh'; differing word-forms; asmaan < aasmaan/sky, vowel shortening; Saharanpuri dialect usage of 'mi' in common with northern Haryanvi and Punjabi, which is absent in MS-HU |
Several words have differing forms in Standard Hindi-Urdu and Khari, for instance asmaan (shortened vowel, aasmaan/sky in standard-dialect Hindi-Urdu), haat (loss of aspiration, haath/hand in standard Hindi-Urdu) and chaddar (gemination and shortened vowel, chaadar/sheet in standard Hindi-Urdu).[4]
Khariboli is often seen as rustic by speakers of Standard Hindi-Urdu, and elements of it were used in Hum Log, India's first television soap opera, where the main family was depicted as having roots in Western Uttar Pradesh.[6][7]
As the two main Hindi-Urdu dialects of Western Uttar Pradesh and the areas surrounding Delhi, Khariboli and Braj Bhasha are often compared. One hypothesis of how Khariboli came to be described as khari (standing) asserts that it refers to the "stiff and rustic uncouthness" of the dialect compared to the "mellifluousness and soft fluency" of Braj Bhasha.[8] On the other hand, Khariboli supporters sometimes pejoratively referred to Braj Bhasha and other dialects as "Pariboli" (पड़ी बोली, پڑی بولی, fallen/supine dialects).[8]
Although most linguists acknowledge that Modern Standard Hindi-Urdu descended from Khariboli, the precise mechanism of dialectical changes from Khari to the prestige dialect (such as the loss of gemination which is so prevalent in Khari) lacks consensus. There are also variations within Khari itself across the area in which it is spoken. In the mid-twentieth century, Indian scholar and nationalist, Rahul Sankrityayan, proposed a redrawing of the liguistic map of the Hindi-Urdu zone.[9] Drawing a distinction between the Khari of Delhi and the Khari of the extreme western parts of Western Uttar Pradesh, he advocated that the former retain the name Khariboli while the latter be renamed to Kauravi, after the Kuru Kingdom of ancient India.[9] Although the term Khariboli continues to be applied as it traditionally was, some linguists have accepted the term Kauravi as well, applying to the language spoken in the linguistic arc running from Saharanpur to Agra (i.e. the close east and north east of Delhi).[3] Sankrityayan postulated that this Kaurvi dialect was the parent of Delhi's specific Khari dialect.[9] Sankrityayan had also advocated that all Hindi-Urdu be standardized on the Devanagari script and Perso-Arabic entirely be abandoned.[9]
Khariboli is related to four standardized registers of Hindi-Urdu: Standard Hindi, Urdu, Dakhini and Rekhta. Standard Hindi (also High Hindi, Nagari Hindi) is used as the lingua franca of Northern India (the Hindi belt), Urdu is the lingua franca of Pakistan, Dakhini is the historical literary dialect of the Deccan region, and Rekhta the court register of Urdu used in medieval poetry. These standard registers together with Sansiboli form the Hindustani dialect group. This group together with Haryanvi, Kauravi, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji and Bundeli forms the Western Hindi dialect group.
The area around Delhi has long been the center of power in northern India, and naturally, the Khari-boli dialect came to be regarded as urbane and of a higher standard than the other dialects of Hindi. This view gradually gained ground over the 19th century; before that period, other dialects such as Avadhi, Brij Bhasha and Sadhukaddi were the dialects preferred by littérateurs.
The earliest examples of Khariboli can be seen in some of Kabir and Amir Khusro's lines.
In 1800, the British East India Company established a college of higher education at Calcutta named the Fort William College. John Borthwick Gilchrist, a president of that college, encouraged his professors to write in their native tongue; some of the works thus produced were in the literary form of the Khariboli dialect. These books included Premsagar (Prem Sagur) by Lallu Lal,[10] Naasiketopaakhyan by Sadal Mishra; Sukhsagar by Sadasukhlal of Delhi and Rani Ketaki ki kahani by Munshi Inshallah Khan. More developed forms of Khariboli can also be seen in some mediocre literature produced in early 18th century. Examples are Chand Chhand Varnan Ki Mahima by Gangabhatt, Yogavashishtha by Ramprasad Niranjani, Gora-Badal ki katha by Jatmal, Mandovar ka varnan by Anonymous, a translation of Ravishenacharya's Jain Padmapuran by Daulatram (dated 1824).
Earlier, the Khari-boli was regarded as a mixed brogue unworthy of being used in literature. However, under government patronage, it flourished, even as older and previously more literary tongues such as Brij Bhasha, Maithili and Avadhi declined to virtual non-existence as literary vehicles. Notable writers such as Munshi Premchand had started using literary form of Khariboli as the preferred language by the early 20th century.
After India became independent in 1947, the Khariboli-based dialect was officially recognized as the approved version of the Hindi language, which was declared as one of the official languages of the central government functioning. Under the Indian government's encouragement, the officially sponsored version of the Khari-boli dialect has undergone a sea-change after it was declared the language of central government functioning in 1950. A major change has been the Sanskritisation of Hindi (introduction of Sanskrit vocabulary in Khariboli).
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